Biography of Nicolaus Otto and the Modern Engine

One of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine—the first practical alternative to the steam engine. Otto built the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine called the Otto Cycle Engine, and when he completed his engine, he built it into a  motorcycle. Born: June 14, 1832Died: January 26, 1891 Ottos Early Days Nicolaus Otto  was born the youngest of six children in Holzhausen, Germany. His father died in 1832 and he began school in 1838. After six years of good performance, he moved to the high school in  Langenschwalbach  until 1848. He did not complete his studies but was cited for good performance. Ottos main interest in school had been in science and technology but, nevertheless, he graduated after three years as a business apprentice in a small merchandise company. After completing his apprenticeship he moved to Frankfurt where he worked for Philipp Jakob Lindheimer as a salesman, selling tea,  coffee, and sugar.  He soon developed an interest in the new technologies of the day and began experimenting with building four-stroke engines (inspired by Lenoirs two-stroke gas-driven internal combustion engine). In late autumn of 1860, Otto and his brother learned of a novel gas engine that  Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir  had built in Paris.  The brothers built a copy of the Lenoir engine and applied for a patent in January 1861 for a  liquid-fueled  engine based on the Lenoir (Gas) engine with the Prussian Ministry of Commerce but it was rejected. The engine ran just a few minutes before breaking. Ottos brother gave up on the concept resulting in Otto looking for help elsewhere. After meeting Eugen Langen, a technician, and owner of a sugar factory, Otto quit his job, and in 1864, the duo started the worlds first engine manufacturing company N.A. Otto Cie (now DEUTZ AG, Kà ¶ln). In 1867, the pair were awarded a Gold Medal at the Paris World Exhibition for their atmospheric gas engine built a year earlier. Four-Stroke Engine In May 1876,  Nicolaus  Otto built the first practical four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine. He continued to develop his four-stroke engine after 1876 and he considered his work finished after his invention of the first magneto ignition system for low voltage ignition in 1884. Ottos patent was overturned in 1886 in favor of the patent granted to  Alphonse  Beau de Roaches for his four-stroke engine. However, Otto built a working engine while Roaches design stayed on paper. On October 23, 1877, another patent for a gas motor engine was issued to Nicolaus Otto, and Francis and William Crossley. In all, Otto built the following engines: 1861 A copy of Lenoirs atmospheric engine1862 A four-cycle compressed charge engine (prior to Rochass patent) which failed as it broke almost immediately1864 The first successful atmospheric engine1876 The four-stroke compressed charge engine which is acknowledged as the Otto cycle engine. The term Otto cycle is applied to all compressed charge, four cycle engines.

The Role of Women in 19th Century as Portrayed in Henrik...

World Literature Essay During the nineteenth century, some writers called for equal rights for women, and organized movements began demanding womens liberation. Explain following work reveals about the role of women at that time and whether the author supports womens liberation: Ibsen, A Dolls House. In a Dolls House, Ibsen is illustrating the contrasting social views when it comes to womens rights and equality. This is taking place by showing how Nora and Torvald Helmer are living a life of affluence and wealth. What is happening is the couple has struggled for years to have better lifestyle. Set over the Christmas holiday, this appears to be a joyous time for both of them. This is because Torvald is working as a supervisor at a bank and has the opportunity to improve their standard of living. On the surface, this appears to be a good thing that will benefit both individuals. (Plot Overview, 2012) However, underneath it all is an unfolding plot that affects Nora and her relationship with Torvald. A few ye ars ago, he became sick and had to go Italy to seek out treatment. Yet, the couple cannot afford the costs and Nora is forced to borrow the money. She tells him that they received the funds from her relatives. This is not true, as she is forced to borrow money from an unscrupulous source (which is the equivalent of a modern day loan shark). Nora is able to save and pay back most of the debt over the course of several years. She is close to paying off thisShow MoreRelatedA Feminist Literary Stance, Roles of Women in Henrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House and George Eliot’s Novel Middlemarch1546 Words   |  7 PagesA feminist literary stance, roles of women in Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and George Eliot’s Middlemarch are based on events from their personal experiences. 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Designing a Health Research Project

Question: Explain designing a health research project. Answer: The evaluation plan has been designed for maternal education. 1. Steps undertaken in planning the proposed evaluation For the success of this evaluation program, fortnightly coordination, as well as re-supply meetings, has to be carried out with the objective of problem solving, sharing of information and rotations through the maternity unit (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). The preparation for the evaluation of this module will comprise of several steps. The initial step of the evaluation includes the context along with the background of the part to be assessed. This augments the understanding of what is to be evaluated by the individuals who will be involved in the process of evaluation. The second step is concerned with the establishment of the objectives of the evaluation, such as the complete course of the process of evaluation will be lined up with meeting the objectives of the evaluation (Posavac, 2015). The third step of the evaluation extends over the methods and designs which are to be employed in the collection of essential data for the process of evaluation. This includes factors such as collection of data, sampling, significance testing and analysis of data (Grembowski, 2015). The fourth step includes the selection of the background in which the process of evaluation will take place. The fifth step is involved with the selection of participants to be used in the process of evaluation; the number of participants in this evaluation will be 55. The seventh step includes the inferring of findings and results which will be arrived during the process of evaluation (Grembowski, 2015). 2. Evaluation research question The research question which is to be focused on this evaluation is, whether the fortnightly coordination, as well as re-supply meetings occurring in this, is making sure the sharing of information, solving problems and rotations through the maternity unit. The aim of this program of evaluation is to reveal the efficiency of the re-supply meetings and fortnightly coordination held in the slum areas of Kathmandu in assuring the recognition of the objective of sharing information among the pregnant women, helping them in solving problems associated with maternity. Diverse reasons are provided for this purpose. The first reason for the program of evaluation includes the fact that the NGO requires expediency, cost reduction and rapidity. This can be attained through the carrying out meetings with several women along with their families and share information which will enhance the reduction of the rate of morbidity and mortality in the slum areas of Kathmandu (Nepal) (Donaldson, 2012). Fundamentally the efficiency of the meetings with the respondents needs to be evaluated in order to discover the actual state of the program. The second reason for the evaluation is to make certain that this program provides a foundation for sharing of essential information among the women and their families so that the accurate result are arrived at with respect to the enhance the rate of solving problems associated with maternity (Royse et al., 2015). This works in the direction of attaining necessary information regarding the assessments that were carried out during the initial establishment of the NGO in the previous year, equipped every member of the staff with the required proficiency for working in any section of the maternity unit (Munoz, 2013). The fourth reason encompasses the information that places the objectives of the program of evaluation have to be met subsequent to its initiation, such that the majority of the women who were not able to completely make use of the services that are provided by this program along with the assessment of the services provided to the pregnant women. This requires an evaluation of the meetings with the women and their families that has been carried out over the previous year, as they should outline the basis for accomplishing the set objectives for the entire program of evaluation (Whittaker et al., 2012). Research Methodology The most relevant research methodology to be employed in the process of evaluation encompasses steps such as informed consent, recruitment, and sampling along with the collection of data and analysis of data. The process of evaluation will include coordination and meetings with the respondents for introducing the idea of evaluation to the staff of the program (ÄÂ ±nar et al., 2016). This will assist in the selection of suitable participants which will be utilized in the process of sampling. The process of recruitment will include those participants who are familiar with the maternity unit if this program such that the team which is intended for evaluation can visit the relevant areas allocated to them. After the process of recruitment, the evaluation team will get informed consent from the members recruited in the course of evaluation (Cousins et al., 2014). For this evaluation quantitative as well as qualitative methods will be utilized. The quantitative analysis will be performed by carrying out a survey of a large number of respondents. The survey will be carried out with the help of a questionnaire. On the other hand qualitative method is concerned with the enhancement of the products and services. Therefore, both these methods are appropriate for this evaluation (Boulmetis Dutwin 2014). The entire participants will be given an alternative of not participating in the process of evaluation. The collection of data will comprise of the drafting of a setting questionnaire in English and after that, it is translated in the local language which is utilized in the slum areas of Kathmandu. In that questionnaire, there will be questions related to the maternal care, the information type shared in the meetings, the problems which they have faced or are facing, the most efficient methods solving the problems and the advantages of birth at hospital vs. birth at home. The questions that will be provided are to be partly structured such that diverse answers will be obtained from the respondents (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). The questionnaire will also encompass questions like how the NGO is performing in enhancing the rate of maternal education since the last year and is to what level it has reached till now in providing maternal education in the slum areas. They will also be asked to give feedback regarding the performance of the NGO till now (Flagg, 2013). An audit of the records of the program up until this year will be taken into consideration, in these records, the different cases along with the number of pregnant women and delivered children will reveal the implementation and succession of the program till now and can help to know the capabilities of the program (Grembowski, 2015). The material for the delivery of education will also be assessed to recognize the effectiveness of the program, and the respondents will be enquired that whether the material for the delivery of education is effective for or them to gain knowledge regarding maternal education (Dickson Saunders, 2014). In the meetings, the personnel of the program of evaluation will work as observers and will participate minimally for the accurate documenting of the necessary information obtained. The majority of the meetings are carried out utilizing the local language; therefore, the observers will be allowed to capture photos and will be conceded with an apparent command of the local language (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). A clear explanation of the materials, activities, participants, essential information and methods utilized will be inclusively documented. The analysis of data will be conducted utilizing the Stata Version 8 with the objective of measuring the practicality of the answers that are provided with the help of the questionnaires. The responses or answers will be labeled 1 or and the final results will be provided in a table form for a convenient understanding (Schalock Thornton, 2013). Justification for the chosen methodology The methodology of this evaluation program is flexible and encompasses the contribution of the respondents who possess the high and low levels of literacy. This methodology includes attending the meetings by the personnel of the program of evaluation. This provides a foundation for the apparent surveillance of what the meetings involves and the efficiency of the procedures performed in the meetings (Dickson Saunders, 2014). The observers may manage to obtain the required photographs for constructing a comprehensible presentation of the evaluation statistics with the help of a PowerPoint presentation when required by the NGO in charge of the program. The recruitment of participants from the meeting is necessary, as they will present the exact type of information required due to their constant contribution throughout the set meetings (Brinkerhoff et al., 2012). From the participants, attainment for knowledgeable consent from the members is elementary for the success of the process of evaluation. This is for the reason that concerning the participants who are not willing to make available any information for the augmentation of appropriate results will lead to an exploitation of resources and attainment of the incorrect kind of information (Cousins et al., 2014). The process of sampling facilitates the personnel of the evaluation to move towards the accurate number of participants who assist in the process of evaluation as concerning the entire population might be considered extremely expensive on the part of the evaluation committee (Spaulding, 2014). The method used in the collection of is feasible for extracting information from the different types of respondents because those with low levels of literacy will be an interviewer who can help them in completing the questionnaires (Munoz, 2013). The questionnaires having a partial structure, accords the participants with the alternative of responding to the questions or providing their own answers (Dickson Saunders, 2014). Simultaneously, the participants can give more than one of the answers presented in the questionnaires to enhance the reliability of the provided information (Flagg, 2013). Providing the questionnaires in English as well as local language minimizes the need for understanding which necessitates an elevated number of interviewers. This work is headed for the lessening of expenses in the course of the process of evaluation (Grembowski, 2015). The method used for the analysis of data is efficient particularly in realizing precise outcomes. This will assist in obtaining the correct data which is necessary for making the accurate recommendations after the process of evaluation has been completed. The above aspects justify the practicality of the research methodology chosen for the process of evaluation (ÄÂ ±nar et al., 2016). While conducting this process of evaluation, it is essential to track a logical or universal approach where the ethical issues are considered. The ethical considerations are important to validate the research study and the results. It helps to verify the uniformity and reliability of the research study on the foundation of authentic records collected from the respondents. The data collected for this evaluation process will be exclusively utilized for evaluation purpose, and the confidentiality shall be maintained in every possible way (Oermann Gaberson, 2013). Two safeguards to maximize the credibility and reliability data collected The two most important limitations of the process of evaluation include the changeability of the information provided by means of the questionnaires along with the size of the sample. The inconsistency of information provided through the questionnaires is for the reason that the participants interpret diverse meaning in compliance to the information provided by means of the meetings (Whittaker et al., 2012). This affirms for the provision of an apparent, effectual as well as succinct safeguard that can work towards the intensification of inconsistency in the given answers. Consequently, the personnel of evaluation should make sure that they must be present at more meetings that will assist in recognizing where the inconsistency in the answers comes from (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). The participants should be essentially subjected to a different survey that encompasses the similar questionnaires but this time, they will be recommended to provide responses that are based on the provided options. This will facilitate the team of evaluation to assess the similar types of answers relatively than relying on the unwritten answers that will be provided by the participants. With respect to the size of the sample, the evaluation team must also conduct an additional survey involving diverse participants to obtain different results (Cousins et al., 2014). References Boulmetis, J., Dutwin, P. (2014).The ABCs of evaluation: Timeless techniques for program and project managers(Vol. 56). Brinkerhoff, R. O., Brethower, D. M., Nowakowski, J., Hluchyj, T. (Eds.). (2012). ÄÂ ±nar, M., Timur, H., Aksoy, R. T., Gzel, A. ÄÂ °., Tokmak, A., Bedir FÄÂ ±ndÄÂ ±k, R., Uygur, D. (2016). Cousins, J. B., Goh, S. C., Elliott, C. J., Bourgeois, I. (2014). Dickson, R., Saunders, M. (2014). Developmental evaluation: Lessons for evaluative practice from the SEARCH Program.Evaluation,20(2), 176-194.

The wife of his youth Essay Example For Students

The wife of his youth Essay Stick With Your Love OneIn Charles Chestnutts The Wife of His Youth, Liza Jane is a woman who is determined to find her long lost husband, Sam Taylor. When he ran away from slavery and escaped up north, he left his wife behind. He changed his name to Mr. Ryder, to forget his past with slavery. Soon he became involved with a group called the Blue Veins, which were a group of people who believed in the preservation of light skinned blacks. In this group he was known as the dean. The Blue Vein society thought that dark skinned blacks were dirt and ignorant. Many years went by and Liza still felt that Sam was in love with her and that they would be back together.Liza was determined to find Sam. She searched for twenty-five years first going to many southern cities. We will write a custom essay on The wife of his youth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Everywhere she went she could not find Sam. She then furthered her search by moving northward still looking for Sam Taylor. Groveland, Washington D.C was the first place she went. There she met Mr. Ryder. He was well known in the city for his wealth, intelligence, and leadership. Liza thought Mr. Ryder could help her find her husband because of his popularity, she told him her story. It was very clear through Lizas story that she loved Sam. When they were slaves, Liza told him that he was going to be sold and took a beating for him. Before he Bracey 2was sold Sam ran away and moved up north. Since they could not find him, the slave owners sold Liza instead. When the Civil War ended, Liza was freed she set out to look for her husband. Liza believed that one day she and Sam were going to find each other and be together. Mr. Ryder listened to her story and asked her questions. How did she survive? What if Sam has forgotten her? What if he has married a different woman? She continued to tell him how she cooked for different families and moved from place to place. She also told him that she did not think he would ever marry again until he found her. There were three dreams that Liza had that showed her finding Sam. This guided her to believe that he was still alive. Lizas dreams proved to be true. Liza found her long lost husband and had a conversation with him. Not knowing or recognizing that Mr. Ryder was her husband, she showed him an old picture of himself as Sam Taylor. He knew the picture was of him but he did not tell Liza. After they finish talking he told her that he was going to help her find Sam. Soon Mr. Ryder told Liza and the Blue Veins Society that he was Sam Taylor and that Liza Jane was the wife of his youth. Liza never forgot of a life with Sam Taylor. Even though Sam escaped and changed his name, she kept faith alive. Maybe this story was mainly focused on keeping faith alive and believing that the one true love wasnt really gone. Liza influence should be looked upon to readers who have lost their way in the ways of love. Through this paper one should be able to understand and feel the undying love of this woman. It should be an inspiration to all.

A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Essays - Free Essays

A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Essays - Free Essays A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Hilary Hines March 28 2015 Dr. Kim Vaughan PSYCH 6113: Theories of Personality Yorkville University INTRODUCTION Among a collection of innovative ideas from 1895 to 1905, Sigmund Freud created a new way of thinking about and perceiving behavior; He called it Psychoanalysis' (Mitchell, 1995). Freud was a trained physician, a biologist and a fan of Charles Darwin. His studies of human thought and behavior were inspired by a personal and societal interest in personality and behavior, followed by innovative theories of the unconscious effects on behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Following the emergence of Freud's Theory of Psychoanalysis, there were a substantial amount of intellects that were intrigued by his work and supported him. His followers agreed that early childhood experiences affect personality development and that resolving psychological conflicts influences personality development. Freudian Theory is the most cited work in psychology as well as other humanities to this day (Friedman Schustack, 2011). In his time, he influenced many behaviorists and physicians to follow in his footsteps and was the key contributor to theories of personality and behavior around the world. Carl Jung's work with word-association in the early 1900's supported Freud's theory of repression. Freud was very excited to find evidence that proved his theory and wanted Jung to be his prodigy; he saw him to be an "able helper." Jung was reluctant to work with Freud from their initial contact based on fundamental differences in belief regarding religion and in the nature of his work being based upon primarily sexual notions (such as incestuous explanations of infantile behavior, etc.). Their ambivalent relationship ended less than 10 years after it began (Vernon, 2011). The separation of Freud and Jung eventually lead to the creation of neoanalysis and many other aspects of studying personality and behavior, what Jung believed to be an improved version of psychoanalysis. Jung attempted to correct the shortcomings of Freud by maintaining focus on Like psychoanalysis, Jung expands on the unconscious and its effect on interpersonal conflicts in personality development. In "neoanalysis", there is a lot less emphasis on the sexual motivations proposed by Freud (1910). His theory described general psychic energy (as opposed to sexual energy) and that interpersonal conflicts affect personality development that continues across lifespan (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Psychoanalysis and neo-analysis agree on many fundamental levels in that internal and external conflicts within influence development and behavior. They differ in ways that protrude personal differences between Freud and Jung and accusations of forsaking moral duties to the field of psychology Despite the criticism of Freud, the underlying foundation of his work is crucial and ought to be highly considered when attempting to gain a fair understanding personality and behavior. Freud's theory of psychosexual development using psychoanalysis is commonly dismissed and oversimplified in terms of comparison to Jung's theory of neoanalysis. Freud was secular and by no means a moralist in terms of area of study and practice. He did not allow supernatural ideas or societal rules prohibit his intuition; He was qualified, devoted and reasonable despite his conclusions being unable to account for experiences after adolescents and their contribution to personality development. Freud is often criticized to the point that popular opinion strives to disproof his fundamental ideas. His theories underlie most psychological discoveries and well as contribute to other major studies of humanity (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Although Freud's psychoanalytical theories have undergone much scrutiny, their foundations were crucial in the development of neo-analysis and the hundreds of other theories and many perspectives that followed in his footsteps (including Jung, Eric Erikson, etc.), which I will discuss by comparing the two. PSYCHOANALYSIS Freudian studies began in the 1890's on the unconscious, therapeutic techniques for treating the mind as well as the structure of the mind. Freud was provoked by religious and social status preventing the relief of his sexual urges; being unable to marry his wife, the first four years of their relationship was without sexual relations prohibited by their inability to become wed. Childhood memories of seeing his young mother naked and confusion caused by his half-brothers flirting with his her provoked Freud to come up with theories of sexual motivations. He believed that psychosexual development began at infancy and that the unconsciousness was the root of

Niger River essays

Niger River essays The Niger River is located in West Africa. It is 2,590 miles long, the third largest river in Africa. The mouth of the river starts in the Gulf of Guinea. This river goes though six countries Guinea, Nigeria, Mali, Jebba, Ontisha, and Niger. It also hits eight major cities in this rivers path. These cities are as named Niana, Timbuktu, Gao, Bonny, Nembe, Onitsha, Malnville, and Niamey. The city Tembakounda is the origin of the Niger. Tembakounda lies in the tropical highlands of Guinea, 200 miles away from the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger River flows northeastward through grasslands into Mali, then to Sahel a brown desert-like area. The Niger then does almost a ninety degree turn southeast, entering the Republic of Niger, for a while acting as the boundary between that republic and Dahomey. The river enters the jungle again in Nigeria, reaching the Atlantic through numbers of swamps and estuaries. There is lots agriculture on the Niger River. Some of the things grown are sorghum, yams, cassava, tobacco, peanuts, millet fields, breeding grounds for fish, cocoa, groundnuts, bananas, oil palm products, maize, and rice patties. Fishing boats, Kayaks, Paddle wheelers, Cargo ships and boats, Dugout canoes and reed rafts are the way of transportation on the river. There is only one two-lane highway on the river and there are no railroads. Drinking water from the Niger River, which is supplied from wells that tap into underground water tables, is not really healthy. There is a waterborne disease that usually causes parasites. Housing near the river are usually mud huts with straw roofs. The clothing is usually brightly colored fabrics, cotton shirts and pants, skullcap and fez hats. Foods eaten in this area are normally rice, boiled chicken, stew, millet porridge, fish, and peanuts During the flooding seasons the Niger River widens up to sixty miles. The flood changes the dry dusty land in to fertile green plains. Lakes and streams cov...

London city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

London city - Essay Example Although most nations were comfortable with the logo, Iranian reaction provoked intense debate and this attracted contribution of scholars, political leaders and the general public. This became a pressing issue that was likely to escalate to the extent of affecting participation of all countries in the Olympics. It is evident that such a logo can be of great socio-political insinuation if not well taken care of. The 2012 London Olympics logo is a jagged emblem that came in a series of colors. This included shades of pink, orange, blue and green. According to the chairman of the London 2012 Olympics organizing committee, the logo’s number 2012 was designed with the intention to make it appeal to the internet generation of today. The logo designed by Wolf Olins had the number 2012 jagged in a particular font that the designer deemed impressive (Garcia,7). However, this logo elicited a lot of debate over its design. This was owing to the different perceptions people had about the image. From Wolf Olins’ angle he just jagged about the number 2012 to get an impressive image attractive to the internet using generation but from other people’s perception, the logo had different meanings depending on their school of thought or rather their visual reasoning skills (Garcia, 9). First is the perception of the logo by Iranians. Iran was too taken by the 2012 London Olympics logo. Almost four years after the logo was designed a new perception by an Iranian athlete brought a twist to the perceptions about the logo. Tehran an Iranian athlete threatened boycotting the race unless the organizers moved with speed to change the logo. In his view or understanding, the logo depicted the word â€Å"Zion†. It should be noted that it was a jagged font that represented the four figures 2012 (Nudd, 1). The Iranian government on the other end had its perception of the same. According to